yourceus.com

ETH8585 - SECTION 4: THE DECISION MAKING TREE

 

Codes of ethics are generally long and complex matters, covering a number of principles and interests related to practice and professional life. However, when you follow all the numerous principles and interests back to their source, however, you see they are all derived from only seven core elements.

Of these seven, six line up together. There are three elements that are the client's purview, and three corresponding ones that are in the clinician's arena.

Core Elements

The best interests and welfare of the client

The best interests and welfare of the clinician

The rights of the client to make his/her own decisions

The rights of the clinician to make his/her own decisions

The responsibilities of the client in making his/her own decisions, including the obligations agreed to concerning the counseling relationship

The responsibilities of the clinician towards the client, including the obligations agreed to concerning the counseling relationship


Together, the rights and responsibilities of the client or the clinician form the basis of what is commonly known as autonomy. Both parties, in the course of treatment, have certain rights with regard to autonomy.

Both parties can choose whether to enter into a counseling relationship with the other, make decisions about how to proceed in that relationship, and decide to exit the relationship.

Both parties also have responsibilities. The responsibilities limit the rights. Neither the clinician nor the client is allowed to do whatever they want in the context of the counseling relationship.

What limits are set on each party is something that should ideally be clarified and agreed to prior to beginning the counseling relationship. This will be discussed in more detail later in this training.

The seventh principle belongs to the clinician alone: the responsibility of the clinician towards the integrity and well-being of the counseling profession.

This principle appears in the ethical code in clinical arenas, but also in more non-clinical areas, such as responsibility towards colleagues, ethics in the use of assessment instruments, ethics in research and ethics in the use of advertising.

This principle is interwoven with the other six core principles. The overall integrity and trustworthiness of the counseling profession has an important, if indirect, impact on how effective the counseling will be, and therefore on the welfare of the client.

In fundamental ways, it also contributes to the well-being of each clinician: it affects his/her ability to provide a service that will be sanctioned, supported and paid for by the public. It also has a clear impact on both the rights and responsibilities of the client and the counselor.

In fact, a close examination of the code of ethics reveals the interwoven and overlapping nature of all the components that make up the code.

For instance, confidentiality affects the integrity of the counseling relationship, hence the welfare of the client, and the integrity of the counseling profession. Ethical decisions about confidentiality therefore concern more than one of the seven core principles and interests.

At times the different interests and principles can support each other.
At other times, the principles and interests can conflict with one another.

So where does a clinician begin to form some operational principles for deciding the ethics of a given situation? How does a clinician begin to order the relative importance of these principles and interests when they compete and conflict? How does a clinician get right the shadings and degrees of the different elements involved here?

The first two of the larger principles is related to something very important: What is the purpose of the counseling profession?

From the perspective of the interests and welfare of the clinician, the purpose of the counseling profession might be seen as a way to make money, or a way to find professional satisfaction.

This, however, is really only a secondary purpose of the counseling profession. The primary purpose of the counseling profession is to promote the welfare and interests of the client in becoming healthier.

If a clinician focuses on his or her own needs and interests to the detriment of the well being of the client, then the state or other governing body will object to the ethics of the clinician, and may reduce, restrict or deny the clinician's right to practice.

So two principles in the ethical decision making process are related to the primary purpose of counseling: Does the ethical decision serve to promote or improve the well being of the client, or to harm the well being of the client.

As in the medical profession from which counseling was developed, the more important, or higher, of these two principles is concerned with whether the decision creates harm for the client, or prevents harm from coming to the client.

Doing no harm is a higher principle because if a decision is made that merely does not promote the welfare of the client, the client is at least no worse off. On the other hand, if a decision is made that does not protect the client from harm, the client is worse off.

There are, of course, many kinds of harm that may come to a client from the decisions a clinician makes. Some kinds of harm are worse than others.

The most grievous harm involves loss of life, then other physical threats to the safety of the client, then threats to the emotional well being, and so on, in decreasing order of importance as ethical decisions are made. Thus the ethical decision tree begins to be developed.


The Ethical Decision Making Tree


The First Principle: Do No Harm

Evaluate whether the decision will either bring direct harm to the client, or insufficiently protect the client or the public from harm.

In order of importance:
1) Does the decision threaten the life or physical safety of the client or others?
2) Does the decision threaten the client with profoundly damaging and non-therapeutic emotional consequences?
3) Does the decision threaten the client with life altering and irreversible social, material or monetary hardships?
4) Does the decision exploit the client in ways that harm his/her well being?


Obviously, if the ethical decision only causes harm to the client's hairdo, or to the client's nap schedule, then there is not enormous cause for alarm.

The important issue to consider here is that the first principle or interest to examine in an ethical decision making process is this: At the very least, do no harm.

You then begin the complex process of anticipating and evaluating the degree of harm that may befall the client from each of the choices that is before you. If the degree of harm is too great, it outweighs all other considerations and determines your ethical course to follow.

This is true at almost every point in the relationship between clinician and client, and no matter what the nature of your counseling relationship is to the client.

The next principle that must be considered is the effect of the ethical decision upon the integrity of the counseling profession as a whole.

Whether in the context of counseling, or in the other arenas in which counselors operate, such as research, marketing, or interacting with the public, decisions to act in a dishonest or deceitful manner can have an impact upon whether clients are able to seek counseling with trust and confidence, or fear and doubt.

This principle is considered next because it can have far reaching effects. The integrity of the counseling profession serves as a support and backdrop for the success of each counselor, and as a protection from harm for each client.

When an individual clinician breaches this integrity, it causes harm not just for the profession, but for the clients who put their trust in the integrity of the counseling profession to protect them from harm. This means all clients.

The delicate girdle of trust that underlies successful counseling is damaged when the efforts of all parties to guarantee ethical services are seen to have failed. Clients who may already be apprehensive about investing their trust are harmed, even when they are not directly in harm's way.

In this way the failures of any one counselor, to some extent, becomes the failure of all.

Even when the ethical dilemma for a clinician is not in an area that is clinical in nature, such as research or the marketing of oneself, this principle or interest comes only after the assurance of no harm to the client, due to its potentially far reaching effects.

As in the case of harm to the client, there are degrees and shadings of harm to the integrity of the profession that must be known in evaluating the specific ethical decision.


The Ethical Decision Making Tree

The Second Principle: Protect the Integrity of the Profession

Evaluate whether the decision will harm or preserve the integrity of the counseling profession.

1) Does the decision harm the professional or ethical reputation of the counseling profession?
2) Does the decision harm the capacity of other counseling professionals to perform their tasks successfully?
3) Does the decision hinder the larger public from profiting from the benefits of the counseling profession?


Elements of Protecting the Integrity of the Profession

No inhumane or discriminatory treatment towards groups or persons.

No dishonesty, fraud, deceit, or misrepresentation while performing professional activities.

No exploitation, sexual or otherwise, of clients, trainees, or students.

No practicing under the influence of non-prescribed drugs or alcohol.

No practicing outside one's area of competence.

No misuse of personal or professional relationships either to solicit clients, or request fees for making referrals.

No participating in dual relationships that create conflicts of interest that harm the client or compromise the counseling.

No continuing a treatment relationship when it is clear that the treatment is no longer helpful to the client.

No allowing an individual or agency that is paying for services to influence treatment decisions to the detriment of the client.

No making claims or guarantees that promise more than the counselor can realistically provide.

No withholding information about treatment alternatives that are different from those practiced by the counselor.

No misuse of confidential information.



If the ethical decision does not harm the well being of the client or the counseling profession, then the first hurdles are cleared. Unfortunately, the decisions get more complicated here.

The next two principles that should be looked at in evaluating any ethical decision are considered at almost the same time, and are accorded just about the same weighting in the decision making process.


The Ethical Decision Making Tree

The Third Principle/Component One

Evaluate whether the decision serves to promote or hinder autonomy in the client.

1) Does the ethical decision include involving the client in important decisions at all times, an important consideration called "informed consent"?
2) Does the ethical decision include consideration for the values, goals, needs, wants, ideas, and choices of the client at least equal to consideration for the same items of the counselor?
3) Does the ethical decision promote increased responsibility for the client, except where such responsibility may harm the client?



Elements of Protecting the Autonomy of the Client

No formulating treatment decisions, plans or goals without the participation and informed consent of the client.

No engaging in treatment with foreseeable risks without informed consent for the client of those risks.

No charging a fee for anything without informed consent for the client in advance of the fee.

No taking action for nonpayment of fees without advising the client first and providing an opportunity to settle the debt.

Except in those instances excepted by law, no releasing of confidential information without obtaining a release.

No recording counseling sessions without written, informed consent.


The Ethical Decision Making Tree

The Third Principle/Component Two

Evaluate whether the decision serves to promote the well being of the client and/or advance the course of treatment.

1) Does the decision promote the physical/emotional/spiritual health and well being of the client?
2) Does the decision help the client to reach the agreed to treatment goals?
3) Does the decision protect the integrity of the therapeutic relationship and the treatment process?


The relatively equal weight that each of these principles holds in ethical decision making contributes to some difficult decisions for the clinician.

For example, if a clinician, in his or her professional experience, has reason to believe that progress in treatment will be hindered by certain decisions that a client is making, which principle is valued more, autonomy or promoting well being?

Except in cases where a client is going to make a decision that could result in profound harm to him/herself, a client's autonomy is viewed as a relatively inalienable right.

Yet, promoting autonomy in the client in such situations can stray from the primary purposes of counseling: to improve the well being of the client.

The devil, in this case, is in the details. How much autonomy to promote - or even leave unchallenged in the client - versus how much to champion the fundamental principle of growth and progress?

This becomes even more interesting for the counselor when it comes to evaluating the relative importance of values - the values held autonomously by the client versus the values that the counselor is promoting by championing growth and progress.

This process will seldom be easy. As we look at the scenarios in more detail, we will look more closely at the complex sets of decisions that become involved in coming to ethical resolutions.

First, however, we must add the final pieces of our decision tree.

To this point, we have examined the relative importance of the right of the client to protection from harm, the need of the clinician to protect the integrity of the profession, the right of the client to autonomy, and the need to focus on the well being of the client.

Where in this schema do we find the importance of the needs, interests and autonomy of the clinician?

The trouble is that those factors that promote the primary purposes of counseling exist, to some degree, in opposition to the needs, interests and autonomy of the clinician.

This is not to say the needs, interests and well being of the clinician don't at times operate in support of the primary purposes of counseling. They do. The clinician who does not attend to his or her own needs and interests is likely to suffer from professional burnout very quickly. This does not further the interests of either individual clients or the profession as a whole.

However, the demands and obligations of the counseling profession limit how much and under what circumstances the clinician may attend to his or her own needs, interests and well being.

To reiterate a point made earlier, while the primary purpose for the clinician to engage in counseling may be to take care of his or her self-interests, from the point of view of the state and the counseling profession, the well being of the clinician will be considered a secondary purpose, not a primary one.

This is to say that when there is a conflict between the needs and interests of the clinician, and the well being of the client or the integrity of the profession as a whole, there will tend to be more weighting on the side of the well being of the client than on the well being of the clinician.

It is, of course, more complex than this, as the varied shadings of the different principles interact in the real world.

However, we are now ready to present a summary of how one is supposed to approach the process of evaluating ethical decisions – the order in which principles are to be addressed in the decision making process.

The responsibilities not to bring the client harm (First Principle) are most heavily weighted the greater the degree of harm with which the client is threatened.

As the potential harm that can come from the decision decreases, the clinician can pay attention to other ethical issues, beginning with the protection of the integrity of the counseling profession (Second Principle).

As the threat to the integrity of the profession decreases in the decision, then the clinician pays increasing attention to the autonomy of the client (Third Principle, part 1) and the promotion of the well being of the client (Third Principle, part 2).

When the most important concerns about the client's autonomy and promotion of the client's well being are less involved in the ethical decision, then the clinician can look to his or her own well being, and his or her autonomy (Fourth Principle).

The clinician's responsibilities towards the client and towards the profession as a whole overlie the entire ethical decision making process.

When a clinician is presented with an extreme example of one of these interests or principles at a decision making time, it will usually lead to a fairly easy and straightforward decision. Other times - most times - things will not line up so conveniently. It is in the subtle details, the degrees, the grey area of ethics, that the counselor is presented with his or her most difficult decisions.

What degree of harm is allowed to the client's well being in order for a clinician to have the right to factor in the clinician's interests or autonomy? If a clinician needs to move to another state to further his or her career and the progress of all his or her clients is damaged by this personal decision, is it unethical?

If a client commits suicide following the move of the clinician to another state, is it the clinician's fault, is it a poor ethical decision even when the clinician has arranged for competent services to be available to the client? The clinician, after all, has not acted to sufficiently protect the client from harm.

These are the humbling kinds of questions in the grey area of ethical decision making, questions that codes of ethics will be unable to fully settle. There are deep and ultimately distressing questions that may not be capable of being answered by any ethical decision making process.

These questions show the limitations of the decision tree and the stages of ethical decision making in this introductory primer to ethical decision making.

This does not invalidate the decision tree, nor the use of the stages of ethical decision making. It simply points out the need to use these two items as tools with both uses and limitations. It also points out the ongoing and continuous need to explore and improve ethical decision making processes in the context of being a practitioner of this profession.

With the study completed of both the stages of ethical decision making, and the decision making tree, it is now time to turn to the other two questions that are relevant to the making of ethical decisions: who is the client, and when is the client a client?

These two questions are concerned with helping to define the counseling relationship.


 

NEXT SECTION>>>